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Associated Companies and Corporation Tax

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Associated Companies and Corporation Tax

Associated Companies and Corporation Tax

Companies pay Corporation Tax on their profits, and the rate of tax varies according to the level of those profits. Currently, the rates are:

Profits

Rate of CT

0 – 300,000

20%

300,001 – 1,500,000

32.5%

Over 1,500,000

30% (on all profits)

These rates only apply if the company concerned has no “associated companies” during the accounting period in question.

Where a company has an “associated company”, then the various bands for the different rates of CT are halved for each company – so, for example, the 20% rate only applies to the first £150,000 of profit for each company.

If there are two “associated companies”, then the bands are divided by three (so the 20% rate only applies to the first £100,000 of profit for each company) and so on for each additional “associated company”.

What is an “Associated Company”?

Two companies will be “associated” if: 

  • One company controls the other, or
  • Both are controlled by the same person or persons

The commonest test for “control” is the voting power of a shareholder. In a simple case, where each of the company’s shares carries one vote, any person or persons who own more than 50% of the shares will “control” the company. There are more sophisticated tests involving rights to the income or capital of the company that need to be considered as well, but the usual test for control is owning the majority of the shares in the company. For example:

Company A owns all the shares in Company B – these two companies are “associated” because A “controls” B.

Mr A owns 51% of the shares in Company C, and 52% of the shares in Company D – these two companies are “associated” because Mr A “controls” them both.

Attributing other person’s rights to a participator

This is where it gets complicated – when deciding if a person has “control” of a company, you do not just look at the shares he owns personally. You also have to include any shares owned by his “associates”.

In this context, an “associate” means: 

  • A husband or wife (or civil partner)
  • A child “or remoter issue” (e.g., a grandchild)
  • A parent “or remoter forebear” (e.g., a grandparent)
  • A brother or sister
  • A business partner
  • In certain cases, the trustees of a trust

So, for example, if Mr A owns 100% of Company X and his brother, Mr B, owns 100% of company Y, those two companies are “associated”.

Unexpected Associations

These rules are very broad and can produce unexpected results:

Mr B’s wife has her own company which Mr B is not involved in. Mr B goes into partnership with Mr C. Unbeknown to Mr B, Mr C owns a company (not connected with the partnership business – in fact it exists to own Mr C’s Spanish holiday cottage). Mrs B’s company is now “associated” with Mr C’s company.

Escape routes

There are two ways to avoid two companies being treated as associated even if they fail the “control” tests described above:

Extra Statutory Concession C9

This concession allows you to ignore shares owned by relatives (except for spouses or children under 18) when checking for “control” provided there is no “substantial commercial interdependence” between the two companies concerned.

Whether or not there is “substantial commercial interdependence” between two companies is determined by looking at such things as: 

  • The administration of the companies – who are the directors?
  • Do they share premises, staff, or plant and machinery?
  • Do they use the same suppliers, and if so, do they have joint purchasing arrangements?
  • Do they co-operate on joint projects?
  • Are there any loans or guarantees between the two companies?

No trade or business

If a company that is associated with another company has not “carried on any trade or business” at any time during the accounting period concerned, then it can be ignored for the purpose of calculating the number of associated companies.

Some companies are “dormant” – that is, they simply exist but have no income or assets – and such companies would be ignored. In any other case, it can become a matter of contention with HMRC as to whether a company is “carrying on a business”. In some tax cases, companies have successfully argued that merely receiving rent from a property owned by the company or receiving bank deposit interest is not a “business”, but beware – these cases were very much decided on their particular facts and HMRC would look very closely at any claim that such a company was not carrying on a business. The one clear case is a holding company which does nothing except hold shares in other companies which it controls, and which has no income except for dividends from those companies which it in turn distributes in full to its shareholders – under Statement of Practice 5/94, HMRC have agreed that such a company may be ignored.
James Bailey

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Problems with Profits, Dividends and Waivers?
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Start keeping records and invoices before you start trading – most of the expenditure that you incur will be an allowable expense once you open for business.


Do you have two properties that could be your main residence?
If you have two properties that could be your main residence (such as a cottage in the country and a flat in town) it is always a good idea to nominate one of them as your main residence within two years of acquiring the second property – this will give you the flexibility to vary the nomination later.


Planning Gain Supplement (the proposed tax on increases in land values as a result of planning permission) was the dog that didn’t bark in this Budget. The consultation document was issued in December 2005 and the deadline for responses passed this February. The consultation talked of implementation in 2008 but there is no mention of it in the Budget Notes or in the 2007 Finance Bill published on 29 March. I wonder when we shall hear more about this new tax.


If you run a business (in a company or as a sole trader) and you are thinking of significant investment in plant and machinery you need to consider whether to spend the money now (50% first year allowances but only 20% writing down allowance on the balance for 2008/09), or wait until 2008/09 (100% first year allowances on the first £50,000 spent).


Are you liable to pay income tax for 2005/06 on a “Pre-owned Asset”? Did you miss the 31 January 2007 deadline for electing for IHT instead? Do you know what I am talking about? If not and if you have the use of any asset you once owned and which you gave away or sold for less than its market value then talk to your tax adviser, because the Budget announced an extension of the time limit for making such an election and it could be beneficial for you to do so.


Did you file your Self-Assessment Return Online?
Have you received a Penalty Notice from HMRC saying you filed your 2005/06 return late? Apparently a number of these have been issued in error. If you did file on time, send HMRC a copy of your IRMark electronic receipt and ask them to cancel the penalty.


Do you have a guilty conscience?
If you have not been declaring some of your income, or have underpaid tax for any other reason, contact HMRC and tell them about it before they catch you – the penalties you pay will be significantly lower if you do this, and in some cases they may be


Do you normally pay your employees on a Friday?
Good Friday this year falls on 6 April 2007, the first day of the new tax year (2007/08). If, because of the Easter Bank Holiday, you do the payroll on Thursday 5 April, then in strict law this payment will fall into the 2006/07 tax year, but by concession HMRC will allow you to operate PAYE on the payment as if it had been paid on 6 April, the first payday of 2007/08.


Tax Efficient Savings
The end of the 2006/07 tax year is approaching fast – if you have a tax-free ISA investment plan, remember that 5/4/07 is the deadline for investing your annual maximum of £7,000


Don’t Touch That Ticket!
If an employee incurs a parking fine in his company car, and the employer pays it, the fine paid will be taxable on the employee, unless: 

The car is registered solely in the employer’s name, AND
The parking ticket is stuck on the car rather than being handed directly to the employee         


Wedding Bells
If someone you know is getting married, remember the IHT exemption for wedding gifts - £5,000 for each parent, £2,500 for each grandparent, and £1,000 for other relatives or friends.


Be clear about the impact of VAT on growing your business turnover.
Make sure your business plan looks at how you will deal with the impact of registering for VAT. For example, if you provide services to members of the public, registering for VAT may have major implications for your pricing structure.


Consider this!
What a lot of investors fail to realise is that if you transfer ownership of a property to another party (including husband/wife), then stamp duty will be liable if the property is mortgaged and the mortgage amount being transferred is over £125,000. This is called the ‘consideration amount’.


Shame on You!
Have you sent your accountant all the information he needs to prepare your 2005/06 tax return? If not, shame on you! This is the worst month of the year for accountants, as they struggle to complete all their client’s returns in time for the 31 January deadline. I have just spoken to an accountant client of mine, who tells me that less than half his clients have provided him with the information he needs!


Offsetting Your Personal Loan
If you take out a personal loan that is used ‘wholly and exclusively’ for the purpose of the property, then the interest charged on this loan can also be offset.


Setting up A Company
A property management company can be a way to save tax for a buy to let landlord, but do not set up a company that manages your properties and just simply start paying money into it. It is important to get the commercial arrangements and the paperwork correct. 


If you’re in doubt – Shout!
The golden rule is – if you’re not sure ask. HMRC would much rather be asked any number of questions than for you to make a mistake because you’re not sure what to do. It is in the interests of both HMRC and the business to get things right from the start, if you’re in doubt – shout!


Have you made losses on the stock market?
If you are one of the thousands of people who have lost money on the stock market, then consider selling your loss-making stocks/shares before you sell a property with a significant capital gain.


Are you using your £3,000 gift allowance?
Gifts totalling up to £3,000 in a tax year are ignored for IHT – and if you did not use the £3,000 in the previous tax year, it can be added to make a total of £6,000 that will never be taxable, even if you die within seven years of making the gift


Is your caravan exempt from CGT?
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Personal Tax Tip - Be very careful!
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Business Tax Tip - Are you having problems?
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Property Tax Tip - Do you have two properties?
If you have made a GWROB, ask a Tax Adviser what you need to do to convert it into a PET – once it has become a PET, it will be free from inheritance tax if you survive for seven years.


Personal Tax Tip - Don’t be ignorant!
Don’t ignore HMRC correspondence, and don’t bin it or feed it to the dog – that’s just asking them to open an Enquiry into your affairs!


Business Tax Tip - Keep records from the day you start!
Start keeping records and invoices before you start trading – most of the expenditure you incur will be an allowable expense once you open for business.


General Tax Tip - The same problems if you are in Scotland!
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Personal Tax Tip - When buying a shop like Mr Lion’s, the goodwill of the business is “adherent” goodwill – that is, it is treated as part of the value of the property itself, and cannot be transferred separately from the property.


General Tax Tip - Do you have two properties that could be your main residence? If you have two properties that could be your main residence (such as a cottage in the country and a flat in town), it is ALWAYS a good idea to nominate one of them as your main residence within two years of acquiring the second property – this will give you the flexibility to vary the nomination later, as described in the main article.


VAT Tax Tip - The days of cheap CDs and DVDs could well be numbered! There is a concession in the EU 6th Directive that allows goods valued under £18 to be imported into the UK without any VAT.  The idea behind this is to allow personal imports and mail order goods to be brought into the UK without the administrative burden of collecting the VAT from private individuals.  The Revenue simply wouldn’t justify the costs of collecting it.

However, a number of large high street traders have worked out that if they supply relatively low value items, mainly CD’s, DVD’s and videos, through subsidiaries in the Channel Islands, they can undercut smaller businesses by selling those goods VAT free.  This has been good for the consumer, (and explains why your last order for 4 DVD’s arrived in 4 parcels from Jersey), but bad for small businesses.


Property Tax Tip - Non- business taper relief becomes available after you have owned a property for a full three years. Try to make sure that the property is sold after a full year of ownership has been completed. For example, if you have owned a property for 7 years and 11 months, then try to delay the sale for an additional month so that you are able to claim 8 years of taper relief.


Personal Tax Tip - Do you like to gamble? Winnings on Premium Bonds are exempt from tax, and unlike other forms of gambling, you don’t lose your stake if you don’t win!


Business Tax Tip - Why not get fit, and have a company bicycle instead of a company car? There is an exemption for bicycles and cyclist’s safety equipment, provided more than half of the miles cycled are for business purposes (including travel from home to work), and bicycles are offered to all employees.


Property Tax Tip - If you offer a ‘fully furnished’ property then consider using the ‘10% wear & tear allowance’ if you are going to provide furnishings, which you do not expect to be replaced until several years later. By claiming the allowance you will receive tax relief immediately




VAT Tax Tip - It is worth pointing out that zero-rating only applies to physical printed matter, which is a supply of goods.  It does not apply to the same information or document supplied electronically (i.e. e-books), as this is a supply of services, and is standard-rated.


General Tax Tip - There is no inheritance tax on a legacy to your spouse or civil partner, is there? Oh yes there is, if the surviving partner is not “domiciled” in the UK only £55,000 of the legacy is exempt, and lifetime planning will be needed to avoid IHT on the rest.


Business Tax Tip - If you pay for your employees’ business expenses, make sure you have a “dispensation” from your tax inspector. If you don’t, you have to report all the expenses you have paid for on the employees’ P11Ds and the employees then have to make a claim for tax relief.




Personal Tax Tip - Do you have more than one job, or are you an employee with a self-employed sideline? If so, don’t forget you may be able to apply for “deferment” of some of your National Insurance Contributions; better than paying too much and having to wait until the end of the tax year to claim a repayment!


General Tax Tip - Mobile phones provided for employees (and their families) are a tax-free benefit provided the phone and the rental contract are in the employer’s name – good news for family company directors with text-mad teenagers.


Business Tax Tip - Don’t be a Scrooge – office parties are tax free provided all employees who work in the office are invited, and the cost per head is less than £150 per year!


Personal Tax Tip - Made Gift Aid donations since 5 April 2005? Not filed your 2004/05 Tax Return yet? Get your tax relief now, not next year – see Box 15A.4 on the Return.


Property Tax Tip - Don’t forget - If you have made rental losses on your property income in previous tax years then you can carry them forward and offset them against future year profits!


VAT Tax Tip - Christmas tip. It is worth noting that the £50 limit for the cost of the goods supplied as business gifts is VAT exclusive and does not include any administrative costs, including post and packaging. All of these additional costs are on top of the £50.


Dividends for couples - Married couples and civil partnerships who own businesses need to make sure both their tax allowances and lower rate bands for income tax are being used – it’s bad tax planning for one to be paying higher rate tax while the other has income of less than £37,295 for 2005/06.


Make use of the 10% wear and tear allowance - The 10% wear and tear allowance is particularly suited to ‘fully furnished’ property that has been furnished immediately after acquiring it. This is because you can start to make the 10% claim immediately from the first year of letting.


Child Trust Fund Account - If you have a child born after 1 September 2002, up to £1,200 per year can be added to their tax-free Child Trust Fund account – this sum can be made up of gifts from anyone, including the parents.


Fancy a Tax-Free Gift? - Have you been running your company for 20 years or more? Why not reward yourself with a tax-free gift? Section 323 ITEPA 2003 exempts “long service awards” to employees (including directors) with over 20 years’ service. The award must not be in cash, but with an upper limit of £50 per year of service (so 20 years = £1,000), you could buy yourself a really nice gold watch!


Personal Tax Tip - Are you in a syndicate for the National Lottery, the football pools, or something similar? Make sure there is a proper written agreement in place for the treatment of any prizes won – otherwise, the payment to members of their shares can give rise to inheritance tax liabilities!


General Tax Tip - What are you up to?
When the money laundering rules came in in 2003, one of my accountant friends told me he had simply reported all his clients on the first day, on the basis that “everyone’s up to something where tax is concerned”!




Business Tax Tip - Staff entertainment.
One of the “grey areas” of staff entertainment is entertaining people who work for you but are not your employees – for example, I had a long argument with a tax inspector who wanted to disallow the cost of drinks given by a pub landlord to the draymen who delivered his beer, on the grounds that they were not his employees, but the brewery’s.




Personal Tax Tip - Lower rates of SDLT
As you can see from the table, rates of SDLT are lower in “disadvantaged areas”, and there is a facility to look these up on HMRC’s website, using the postcode of the property concerned, but beware – a solicitor told me that this is not 100% accurate, and if it says the relief is not due, it is worth double checking – the “disadvantaged areas” are defined by electoral wards, and sometimes these may have changed.

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